Business administration

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of perceived contract violation (PCV), abusive supervision (AS) and servant leadership (SL) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and mediating role of employee cynicism (EC). A survey was conducted and data was collected from 212 respondents from service sector of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze data. The findings of this research shows that PCV, AS and SL has significant impact on OCB directly and indirectly. Employee cynicism also played a significant mediating role between independent and dependent variables. This study indicated the antecedents and outcome of employee cynicism and provided guidance to organizations in the related area.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of perceived contract violation (PCV), abusive supervision (AS) and servant leadership (SL) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and mediating role of employee cynicism (EC). A survey was conducted and data was collected from 212 respondents from service sector of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze data. The findings of this research shows that PCV, AS and SL has significant impact on OCB directly and indirectly. Employee cynicism also played a significant mediating role between independent and dependent variables. This study indicated the antecedents and outcome of employee cynicism and provided guidance to organizations in the related area.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of perceived contract violation (PCV), abusive supervision (AS) and servant leadership (SL) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and mediating role of employee cynicism (EC). A survey was conducted and data was collected from 212 respondents from service sector of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze data. The findings of this research shows that PCV, AS and SL has significant impact on OCB directly and indirectly. Employee cynicism also played a significant mediating role between independent and dependent variables. This study indicated the antecedents and outcome of employee cynicism and provided guidance to organizations in the related area.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of perceived contract violation (PCV), abusive supervision (AS) and servant leadership (SL) on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and mediating role of employee cynicism (EC). A survey was conducted and data was collected from 212 respondents from service sector of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze data. The findings of this research shows that PCV, AS and SL has significant impact on OCB directly and indirectly. Employee cynicism also played a significant mediating role between independent and dependent variables. This study indicated the antecedents and outcome of employee cynicism and provided guidance to organizations in the related area.

This study determines whether abusive supervision can influence the level of organizational citizenship behavior in the mediating role of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism. A survey conducted from 391 respondents from different service sector organizations of the Pakistan. Specifically, CFA and SEM tests performed to analyze the data. The analysis of their responses supported our model which describes that abusive supervision has an adverse effect on organizational citizenship behavior either directly or indirectly. The mediating role of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism proved to be significant. Both mediators negatively correlated with organizational citizenship behavior. Implementations mentioned for managers and researchers, and limitations identified.

This study determines whether abusive supervision can influence the level of organizational citizenship behavior in the mediating role of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism. A survey conducted from 391 respondents from different service sector organizations of the Pakistan. Specifically, CFA and SEM tests performed to analyze the data. The analysis of their responses supported our model which describes that abusive supervision has an adverse effect on organizational citizenship behavior either directly or indirectly. The mediating role of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism proved to be significant. Both mediators negatively correlated with organizational citizenship behavior. Implementations mentioned for managers and researchers, and limitations identified.

— Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important component of an economy. A progressing and flourishing SME sector helps an economy in overcoming macroeconomic problems of a country. This asserts importance of performance evaluation of SMEs. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a firm's readiness towards accepting entrepreneurial practices, policies, and decision-making. EO has five dimensions that are innovativeness, proactivity, risk-taking, autonomy and competitive aggressiveness. This paper proposes a framework that links elements of EO with performance evaluation of SMEs. An evaluation of these factors may help decision-makers in improving business practices that may, in turn, positively influence the performance of SMEs.

This study aims to examine the impact of outsourcing on lean operations in Pakistani healthcare industry. Lean operations of an organization help an organization in maintaining a lower cost of operations. Healthcare sector of Pakistan is one of the vital sectors and is essential for the economic prosperity of the country. If healthcare institutes maintain lean operations then cost of their activities would be less so hospitals can offer services to a significant number of patients. Outsourcing of activities may help organizations to save cost in various ways. If healthcare institutes engage in outsourcing, this will reduce their operating cost. They can use expert and skilled human resource which would reduce mistakes and wastage. Likewise, outsourcing may enable healthcare institutes in the provision of more profitable and less costly services. Outsourcing also helps healthcare institutes in becoming more productive and efficient, enhancement of learning curve and elimination of finance cost. It would help healthcare institutes in developing and maintaining lean operations in the organization.

— Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important component of an economy. A progressing and flourishing SME sector helps an economy in overcoming macroeconomic problems of a country. This asserts importance of performance evaluation of SMEs. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a firm's readiness towards accepting entrepreneurial practices, policies, and decision-making. EO has five dimensions that are innovativeness, proactivity, risk-taking, autonomy and competitive aggressiveness. This paper proposes a framework that links elements of EO with performance evaluation of SMEs. An evaluation of these factors may help decision-makers in improving business practices that may, in turn, positively influence the performance of SMEs.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between governance characteristics and disclosure quality in an emerging economy like Pakistan. Based on review of literature, it is proposed that CEO duality is negatively related to disclosure quality, while ownership concentration and audit quality are the factors that positively influence disclosure quality. This article explains the result that ownership concentration becomes a negative influence on disclosure quality when firms involved in CEO duality. The policymakers understand that how firm disclosure is affected by corporate governance with the help of this case. The results of this study could be applied by the policymakers to promote good governance in Pakistan further.

The contemporary organizations are facing lots of challenges from different sides, and organizations are trying various ways to overcome those obstacles. One such thing is the supplier relationship management. There are various benefits that an organization can attain from partnering and integrating with its suppliers, yet this area has to be developed further so that organization can take advantage of this. The purpose of this research was to evaluate challenges
associated with the integration of an organization with its suppliers. For this purpose, the researcher used two-fold strategy, which included a review of the literature and a personal reflection on the selected topic. The findings of research revealed some challenges including
different types of organizational systems, different priorities, issue of trust and secrecy, different level of the supply chain, etc. Future researchers should evaluate this issue keeping in mind soft organizational factors such as employee motivation, loyalty, commitment, etc.

This study aimed at examining the impact of servant leadership on organizational citizenship behavior and the mediating role of psychological contract breach and employee cynicism. The context selected for this research was service sector of Pakistan and data was collected from 307 respondents through field and web survey. The collected data was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings of this study revealed significant impact (direct and indirect) of servant leadership on psychological contract breach, employee cynicism, and organizational citizenship behavior. This study further asserted that supervisors and managers should control and minimize the psychological contract breach and employee cynicism. Findings of our research also provide guidance on improving the level of organizational citizenship behavior. Leaders should develop a two-way communication system with employees, as it will help to know them more closely. Limitations are identified and future research areas are mentioned.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the impact of human capital development in organizations. It is based on some conceptual aspects of human resource accounting and considers how investments in the development of human capital can be measured in order to investigate the financial returns for organizations.
Design/methodology/approach – The study is exploratory in nature as this is the first of its kind in the Pakistani manufacturing sector. The technique of convenience sampling was used to collect the data due to time and resource limitations. The sample comprises of 30 leading companies in the
Pakistani textile sector. A self-administered postal questionnaire was designed for the research survey. The results focus on the benefits derived by using the capital investment appraisal techniques of human resource accounting including: return on investment, benefit to cost ratio, weighted average cost of capital, and bottom line evaluations.
Findings – The results provide evidence of an association between investment in the development of human capital and the benefits, which organizations can reap from such investments. It further finds that the organizations investing in training and development programs provide high employee productivity that ultimately contributes towards high-organizational performance.
Research limitations/implications – Owing to the research design, the results may exhibit a lack of generalizability to other sectors. As the results cannot be applied to other organizations, further research can be done by using the same techniques.
Originality/value – This paper is a groundbreaking work in Pakistan and thereby an addition to the existing global literature on human resource accounting. This research provides new directions for the literature in this area, by encouraging a debate about the importance of investing in the development.